How BGP Works: AS Paths, Path Attributes, and Why the Internet Is Not Shortest-Path
A packet from a laptop in Mumbai to a server in Frankfurt does not ask the Internet for the shortest path. It follows a route that some netw...
Protocols
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How TLS 1.3 Works: Certificates, 1-RTT Handshakes, and Why 0-RTT Is Replayable
TCP can carry bytes in order. It cannot tell you who is on the other end, and it cannot stop a path observer from reading those bytes. HTTPS...
Sarthak Bystander
20 Sept, 2026
How QUIC Works: Streams, Connection IDs, and Why HTTP/3 Left TCP
TCP names a connection by four numbers: two addresses and two ports. Change any of them and the connection is gone. It also delivers one ord...
Sarthak Bystander
9 Sept, 2026
How UDP Works: Datagrams, Checksums, and Why Loss Can Be Acceptable
TCP can deliver a reliable byte stream. That is useful when a file must arrive complete and in order. It is the wrong contract when a late p...
Sarthak Bystander
7 Sept, 2026