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How Raft Works: Leader Election, Replicated Logs, and Majority Quorums

A replicated database, a Kubernetes control plane, and a coordination service all need the same guarantee: after a machine dies, the survivo...

Sarthak Bystander 10 Sept, 2026

Latest Posts

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How Raft Works: Leader Election, Replicated Logs, and Majority Quorums

A replicated database, a Kubernetes control plane, and a coordination service all need the same guarantee: after a machine dies, the survivo...

Sarthak Bystander 10 Sept, 2026
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How QUIC Works: Streams, Connection IDs, and Why HTTP/3 Left TCP

TCP names a connection by four numbers: two addresses and two ports. Change any of them and the connection is gone. It also delivers one ord...

Sarthak Bystander 9 Sept, 2026
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How Consistent Hashing Works: Rings, Virtual Nodes, and Why Keys Move

A cache cluster, a sharded database, and a content-delivery edge all share one problem: given a key, which machine should own it? The naive...

Sarthak Bystander 8 Sept, 2026
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How UDP Works: Datagrams, Checksums, and Why Loss Can Be Acceptable

TCP can deliver a reliable byte stream. That is useful when a file must arrive complete and in order. It is the wrong contract when a late p...

Sarthak Bystander 7 Sept, 2026
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How Linux Containers Work: Namespaces, cgroups, and Isolation

A container is not a miniature virtual machine and it is not a special object inside the Linux kernel. It is a process, or a tree of process...

Sarthak Bystander 7 Sept, 2026
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How WebSockets Work: Handshake, Frames, and Persistent Connections

HTTP can fetch a page. TCP can keep a reliable byte stream open. Neither explains why a live chat box updates without a refresh or why a tra...

Sarthak Bystander 7 Sept, 2026
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How Garbage Collection Works: Mark-and-Sweep, Generational Collectors, and Pause Times

Garbage collection is the runtime mechanism that finds heap objects a program can no longer reach and reclaims their memory. Manual allocato...

Sarthak Bystander 6 Sept, 2026
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How Virtual Memory Works: Pages, Page Tables, and Page Faults

Why virtual memory exists A process does not own a private bank of RAM chips. It owns a private address space: virtual addresses the CPU wi...

Sarthak Bystander 5 Sept, 2026
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How TCP Works: Handshake, Reliability, and Congestion Control

HTTP can describe a request. DNS can find an address. Neither of those steps moves a single reliable byte across an unreliable network. That...

Sarthak Bystander 4 Sept, 2026
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What Happens When You Type a URL? Step-by-Step Explained

You type a website address, press Enter, and a page appears. That moment feels instant, but it triggers a carefully coordinated sequence of ...

Sarthak Bystander 4 Sept, 2026