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How OverlayFS Works: Layers, Whiteouts, and Why Containers Share Base Images

A container that starts from a shared Debian image layer, writes a new hostname into /etc/hostname, and deletes a file that came from the ba...

Sarthak Bystander 3 Nov, 2026

Latest Posts

How OverlayFS Works: Layers, Whiteouts, and Why Containers Share Base Images

A container that starts from a shared Debian image layer, writes a new hostname into /etc/hostname, and deletes a file that came from the ba...

Sarthak Bystander 3 Nov, 2026

How KVM Works: VM Exits, EPT, and Why a Guest Is Scheduled Like a Process

A process that starts a virtual machine does not execute guest instructions the way it executes its own. When the guest is running, the CPU ...

Sarthak Bystander 3 Nov, 2026

How KVM Works: VM Exits, EPT, and Why a Guest Is Scheduled Like a Process

A process that starts a virtual machine does not execute guest instructions the way it executes its own. When the guest is running, the CPU ...

Sarthak Bystander 3 Nov, 2026

How KVM Works: VM Exits, EPT, and Why a Guest Is Scheduled Like a Process

A process that starts a virtual machine does not execute guest instructions the way it executes its own. When the guest is running, the CPU ...

Sarthak Bystander 3 Nov, 2026

How Linux Capabilities and the LSM Framework Work: Fine-Grained Privilege, Hook Points, and Why Root Is No Longer All-or-Nothing

A process that needs to bind a low-numbered TCP port, or to change the system clock, does not need the power to rewrite arbitrary files, kil...

Sarthak Bystander 2 Nov, 2026

How Meltdown Works: Speculative Loads, Cache Side Channels, and Why KPTI Isolates Kernel Page Tables

A process that runs with ordinary user privileges is not supposed to read the kernel's page tables, credential structures, or another pr...

Sarthak Bystander 30 Oct, 2026

How the Linux Page Reclaim and OOM Killer Work: LRU Lists, Watermarks, and Why the System Kills Processes

A process that calls malloc for a multi-gigabyte buffer under memory pressure does not always receive the pages. The kernel may already be s...

Sarthak Bystander 27 Oct, 2026

Test Post for Inventory Check

This is a test.

Sarthak Bystander 24 Oct, 2026

How the Linux Network Transmit Path Works: sk_buffs, qdiscs, and Why send() Returns Before the Packet Leaves

A process that calls send() on a TCP socket expects the bytes to leave the machine eventually. It does not expect the call to wait until the...

Sarthak Bystander 24 Oct, 2026

How the Linux Network Transmit Path Works: sk_buffs, qdiscs, and Why send() Returns Before the Packet Leaves

Draft placeholder for the full transmit path article. Full content will be updated.

Sarthak Bystander 24 Oct, 2026

How TLB Shootdowns Work: IPIs, PCIDs, and Why Unmapping a Page Is Not Free

A process that calls munmap on a range it no longer needs expects the virtual addresses to disappear. On a single-core machine that is almo...

Sarthak Bystander 24 Oct, 2026

How the Linux Network Transmit Path Works: sk_buffs, qdiscs, and Why send() Returns Before the Packet Leaves

A process that calls send() on a TCP socket expects the bytes to leave the machine eventually. It does not expect the call to wait until the...

Sarthak Bystander 23 Oct, 2026