How NAND Flash and the FTL Work: Pages, Erase Blocks, and Why a Small Write Rewrites a Block
A database that updates a 4 KiB page does not update a 4 KiB cell on the SSD. The host sends a logical block address. The drive's flash ...
Software Engineering
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How Dynamic Linking Works: PLT, GOT, and Why the First Call Is Indirect
A call to puts in a normal C binary is not a direct jump to libc. The machine code in the executable names a procedure-linkage-table stub. ...
Sarthak Bystander
3 Oct, 2026
How Linux Interrupts Work: Hardware IRQs, Softirqs, and Why Threaded Handlers Exist
A NIC that just received a frame cannot wait for the current process to finish a syscall. The device raises a hardware interrupt. The CPU st...
Sarthak Bystander
29 Sept, 2026
How Linux Signals Work: Pending Masks, Delivery on Return to Userspace, and Why They Are Not Interrupts
A process that spends all its time in a tight userspace loop never notices SIGTERM until the kernel has a chance to put that process back on...
Sarthak Bystander
28 Sept, 2026
How Futexes Work: Userspace Fast Path, Wait Queues, and Why Mutexes Avoid Syscalls
A mutex that takes a system call on every lock and unlock would dominate a hot critical section. The uncontended case is a few atomic instru...
Sarthak Bystander
25 Sept, 2026
How RCU Works: Grace Periods, Quiescent States, and Why Readers Skip Locks
A shared linked list in the kernel can be walked by thousands of cores at once. A writer still has to insert or delete a node. If every walk...
Sarthak Bystander
23 Sept, 2026
How Linux CFS Works: vruntime, Red-Black Trees, and Why Fairness Is Approximate
A CPU core runs one thread at a time. Everything else that looks concurrent is a lie the operating system maintains by switching. The policy...
Sarthak Bystander
22 Sept, 2026
How io_uring Works: Submission Queues, Completion Queues, and Why Batching Beats Syscalls
A tight loop of read and write pays for a privilege crossing on every operation. After Spectre-era mitigations that crossing got more expe...
Sarthak Bystander
19 Sept, 2026
How mmap Works: File-Backed Pages, MAP_PRIVATE, and Why Zero-Copy Matters
How mmap Works: File-Backed Pages, MAP_PRIVATE, and Why Zero-Copy Matters A process that wants the contents of a 4 GB file does not have to...
Sarthak Bystander
17 Sept, 2026